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-rw-r--r--rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/README.md23
-rw-r--r--rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/as_ref_mut.rs62
-rw-r--r--rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/from_into.rs130
-rw-r--r--rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/from_str.rs113
-rw-r--r--rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/try_from_into.rs177
-rw-r--r--rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/using_as.rs24
6 files changed, 529 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/README.md b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..619a78c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Type conversions
+
+Rust offers a multitude of ways to convert a value of a given type into another type.
+
+The simplest form of type conversion is a type cast expression. It is denoted with the binary operator `as`. For instance, `println!("{}", 1 + 1.0);` would not compile, since `1` is an integer while `1.0` is a float. However, `println!("{}", 1 as f32 + 1.0)` should compile. The exercise [`using_as`](using_as.rs) tries to cover this.
+
+Rust also offers traits that facilitate type conversions upon implementation. These traits can be found under the [`convert`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/index.html) module.
+The traits are the following:
+
+- `From` and `Into` covered in [`from_into`](from_into.rs)
+- `TryFrom` and `TryInto` covered in [`try_from_into`](try_from_into.rs)
+- `AsRef` and `AsMut` covered in [`as_ref_mut`](as_ref_mut.rs)
+
+Furthermore, the `std::str` module offers a trait called [`FromStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html) which helps with converting strings into target types via the `parse` method on strings. If properly implemented for a given type `Person`, then `let p: Person = "Mark,20".parse().unwrap()` should both compile and run without panicking.
+
+These should be the main ways ***within the standard library*** to convert data into your desired types.
+
+## Further information
+
+These are not directly covered in the book, but the standard library has a great documentation for it.
+
+- [conversions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/index.html)
+- [`FromStr` trait](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html)
diff --git a/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/as_ref_mut.rs b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/as_ref_mut.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7892dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/as_ref_mut.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// AsRef and AsMut allow for cheap reference-to-reference conversions. Read more
+// about them at https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html and
+// https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsMut.html, respectively.
+
+// Obtain the number of bytes (not characters) in the given argument
+// (`.len()` returns the number of bytes in a string).
+// TODO: Add the `AsRef` trait appropriately as a trait bound.
+fn byte_counter<T>(arg: T) -> usize {
+ arg.as_ref().len()
+}
+
+// Obtain the number of characters (not bytes) in the given argument.
+// TODO: Add the `AsRef` trait appropriately as a trait bound.
+fn char_counter<T>(arg: T) -> usize {
+ arg.as_ref().chars().count()
+}
+
+// Squares a number using `as_mut()`.
+// TODO: Add the appropriate trait bound.
+fn num_sq<T>(arg: &mut T) {
+ // TODO: Implement the function body.
+}
+
+fn main() {
+ // You can optionally experiment here.
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+ use super::*;
+
+ #[test]
+ fn different_counts() {
+ let s = "Café au lait";
+ assert_ne!(char_counter(s), byte_counter(s));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn same_counts() {
+ let s = "Cafe au lait";
+ assert_eq!(char_counter(s), byte_counter(s));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn different_counts_using_string() {
+ let s = String::from("Café au lait");
+ assert_ne!(char_counter(s.clone()), byte_counter(s));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn same_counts_using_string() {
+ let s = String::from("Cafe au lait");
+ assert_eq!(char_counter(s.clone()), byte_counter(s));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn mut_box() {
+ let mut num: Box<u32> = Box::new(3);
+ num_sq(&mut num);
+ assert_eq!(*num, 9);
+ }
+}
diff --git a/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/from_into.rs b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/from_into.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc2783a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/from_into.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// The `From` trait is used for value-to-value conversions. If `From` is
+// implemented, an implementation of `Into` is automatically provided.
+// You can read more about it in the documentation:
+// https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Person {
+ name: String,
+ age: u8,
+}
+
+// We implement the Default trait to use it as a fallback when the provided
+// string is not convertible into a `Person` object.
+impl Default for Person {
+ fn default() -> Self {
+ Self {
+ name: String::from("John"),
+ age: 30,
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+// TODO: Complete this `From` implementation to be able to parse a `Person`
+// out of a string in the form of "Mark,20".
+// Note that you'll need to parse the age component into a `u8` with something
+// like `"4".parse::<u8>()`.
+//
+// Steps:
+// 1. Split the given string on the commas present in it.
+// 2. If the split operation returns less or more than 2 elements, return the
+// default of `Person`.
+// 3. Use the first element from the split operation as the name.
+// 4. If the name is empty, return the default of `Person`.
+// 5. Parse the second element from the split operation into a `u8` as the age.
+// 6. If parsing the age fails, return the default of `Person`.
+impl From<&str> for Person {
+ fn from(s: &str) -> Self {}
+}
+
+fn main() {
+ // Use the `from` function.
+ let p1 = Person::from("Mark,20");
+ println!("{p1:?}");
+
+ // Since `From` is implemented for Person, we are able to use `Into`.
+ let p2: Person = "Gerald,70".into();
+ println!("{p2:?}");
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+ use super::*;
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_default() {
+ let dp = Person::default();
+ assert_eq!(dp.name, "John");
+ assert_eq!(dp.age, 30);
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_bad_convert() {
+ let p = Person::from("");
+ assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+ assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_good_convert() {
+ let p = Person::from("Mark,20");
+ assert_eq!(p.name, "Mark");
+ assert_eq!(p.age, 20);
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_bad_age() {
+ let p = Person::from("Mark,twenty");
+ assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+ assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_missing_comma_and_age() {
+ let p: Person = Person::from("Mark");
+ assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+ assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_missing_age() {
+ let p: Person = Person::from("Mark,");
+ assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+ assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_missing_name() {
+ let p: Person = Person::from(",1");
+ assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+ assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_missing_name_and_age() {
+ let p: Person = Person::from(",");
+ assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+ assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_missing_name_and_invalid_age() {
+ let p: Person = Person::from(",one");
+ assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+ assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_trailing_comma() {
+ let p: Person = Person::from("Mike,32,");
+ assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+ assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_trailing_comma_and_some_string() {
+ let p: Person = Person::from("Mike,32,dog");
+ assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+ assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+ }
+}
diff --git a/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/from_str.rs b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/from_str.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec6d3fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/from_str.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+// This is similar to the previous `from_into` exercise. But this time, we'll
+// implement `FromStr` and return errors instead of falling back to a default
+// value. Additionally, upon implementing `FromStr`, you can use the `parse`
+// method on strings to generate an object of the implementor type. You can read
+// more about it in the documentation:
+// https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
+
+use std::num::ParseIntError;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+struct Person {
+ name: String,
+ age: u8,
+}
+
+// We will use this error type for the `FromStr` implementation.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum ParsePersonError {
+ // Incorrect number of fields
+ BadLen,
+ // Empty name field
+ NoName,
+ // Wrapped error from parse::<u8>()
+ ParseInt(ParseIntError),
+}
+
+// TODO: Complete this `FromStr` implementation to be able to parse a `Person`
+// out of a string in the form of "Mark,20".
+// Note that you'll need to parse the age component into a `u8` with something
+// like `"4".parse::<u8>()`.
+//
+// Steps:
+// 1. Split the given string on the commas present in it.
+// 2. If the split operation returns less or more than 2 elements, return the
+// error `ParsePersonError::BadLen`.
+// 3. Use the first element from the split operation as the name.
+// 4. If the name is empty, return the error `ParsePersonError::NoName`.
+// 5. Parse the second element from the split operation into a `u8` as the age.
+// 6. If parsing the age fails, return the error `ParsePersonError::ParseInt`.
+impl FromStr for Person {
+ type Err = ParsePersonError;
+
+ fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {}
+}
+
+fn main() {
+ let p = "Mark,20".parse::<Person>();
+ println!("{p:?}");
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+ use super::*;
+ use ParsePersonError::*;
+
+ #[test]
+ fn empty_input() {
+ assert_eq!("".parse::<Person>(), Err(BadLen));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn good_input() {
+ let p = "John,32".parse::<Person>();
+ assert!(p.is_ok());
+ let p = p.unwrap();
+ assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+ assert_eq!(p.age, 32);
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn missing_age() {
+ assert!(matches!("John,".parse::<Person>(), Err(ParseInt(_))));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn invalid_age() {
+ assert!(matches!("John,twenty".parse::<Person>(), Err(ParseInt(_))));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn missing_comma_and_age() {
+ assert_eq!("John".parse::<Person>(), Err(BadLen));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn missing_name() {
+ assert_eq!(",1".parse::<Person>(), Err(NoName));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn missing_name_and_age() {
+ assert!(matches!(",".parse::<Person>(), Err(NoName | ParseInt(_))));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn missing_name_and_invalid_age() {
+ assert!(matches!(
+ ",one".parse::<Person>(),
+ Err(NoName | ParseInt(_)),
+ ));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn trailing_comma() {
+ assert_eq!("John,32,".parse::<Person>(), Err(BadLen));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn trailing_comma_and_some_string() {
+ assert_eq!("John,32,man".parse::<Person>(), Err(BadLen));
+ }
+}
diff --git a/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/try_from_into.rs b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/try_from_into.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3ae80a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/try_from_into.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+// `TryFrom` is a simple and safe type conversion that may fail in a controlled
+// way under some circumstances. Basically, this is the same as `From`. The main
+// difference is that this should return a `Result` type instead of the target
+// type itself. You can read more about it in the documentation:
+// https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html
+
+#![allow(clippy::useless_vec)]
+use std::convert::{TryFrom, TryInto};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+struct Color {
+ red: u8,
+ green: u8,
+ blue: u8,
+}
+
+// We will use this error type for the `TryFrom` conversions.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum IntoColorError {
+ // Incorrect length of slice
+ BadLen,
+ // Integer conversion error
+ IntConversion,
+}
+
+// TODO: Tuple implementation.
+// Correct RGB color values must be integers in the 0..=255 range.
+impl TryFrom<(i16, i16, i16)> for Color {
+ type Error = IntoColorError;
+
+ fn try_from(tuple: (i16, i16, i16)) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {}
+}
+
+// TODO: Array implementation.
+impl TryFrom<[i16; 3]> for Color {
+ type Error = IntoColorError;
+
+ fn try_from(arr: [i16; 3]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {}
+}
+
+// TODO: Slice implementation.
+// This implementation needs to check the slice length.
+impl TryFrom<&[i16]> for Color {
+ type Error = IntoColorError;
+
+ fn try_from(slice: &[i16]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {}
+}
+
+fn main() {
+ // Using the `try_from` function.
+ let c1 = Color::try_from((183, 65, 14));
+ println!("{c1:?}");
+
+ // Since `TryFrom` is implemented for `Color`, we can use `TryInto`.
+ let c2: Result<Color, _> = [183, 65, 14].try_into();
+ println!("{c2:?}");
+
+ let v = vec![183, 65, 14];
+ // With slice we should use the `try_from` function
+ let c3 = Color::try_from(&v[..]);
+ println!("{c3:?}");
+ // or put the slice within round brackets and use `try_into`.
+ let c4: Result<Color, _> = (&v[..]).try_into();
+ println!("{c4:?}");
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+ use super::*;
+ use IntoColorError::*;
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_tuple_out_of_range_positive() {
+ assert_eq!(Color::try_from((256, 1000, 10000)), Err(IntConversion));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_tuple_out_of_range_negative() {
+ assert_eq!(Color::try_from((-1, -10, -256)), Err(IntConversion));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_tuple_sum() {
+ assert_eq!(Color::try_from((-1, 255, 255)), Err(IntConversion));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_tuple_correct() {
+ let c: Result<Color, _> = (183, 65, 14).try_into();
+ assert!(c.is_ok());
+ assert_eq!(
+ c.unwrap(),
+ Color {
+ red: 183,
+ green: 65,
+ blue: 14,
+ }
+ );
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_array_out_of_range_positive() {
+ let c: Result<Color, _> = [1000, 10000, 256].try_into();
+ assert_eq!(c, Err(IntConversion));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_array_out_of_range_negative() {
+ let c: Result<Color, _> = [-10, -256, -1].try_into();
+ assert_eq!(c, Err(IntConversion));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_array_sum() {
+ let c: Result<Color, _> = [-1, 255, 255].try_into();
+ assert_eq!(c, Err(IntConversion));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_array_correct() {
+ let c: Result<Color, _> = [183, 65, 14].try_into();
+ assert!(c.is_ok());
+ assert_eq!(
+ c.unwrap(),
+ Color {
+ red: 183,
+ green: 65,
+ blue: 14
+ }
+ );
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_slice_out_of_range_positive() {
+ let arr = [10000, 256, 1000];
+ assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&arr[..]), Err(IntConversion));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_slice_out_of_range_negative() {
+ let arr = [-256, -1, -10];
+ assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&arr[..]), Err(IntConversion));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_slice_sum() {
+ let arr = [-1, 255, 255];
+ assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&arr[..]), Err(IntConversion));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_slice_correct() {
+ let v = vec![183, 65, 14];
+ let c: Result<Color, _> = Color::try_from(&v[..]);
+ assert!(c.is_ok());
+ assert_eq!(
+ c.unwrap(),
+ Color {
+ red: 183,
+ green: 65,
+ blue: 14,
+ }
+ );
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_slice_excess_length() {
+ let v = vec![0, 0, 0, 0];
+ assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&v[..]), Err(BadLen));
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn test_slice_insufficient_length() {
+ let v = vec![0, 0];
+ assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&v[..]), Err(BadLen));
+ }
+}
diff --git a/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/using_as.rs b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/using_as.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c131d1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/using_as.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Type casting in Rust is done via the usage of the `as` operator.
+// Note that the `as` operator is not only used when type casting. It also helps
+// with renaming imports.
+
+fn average(values: &[f64]) -> f64 {
+ let total = values.iter().sum::<f64>();
+ // TODO: Make a conversion before dividing.
+ total / values.len()
+}
+
+fn main() {
+ let values = [3.5, 0.3, 13.0, 11.7];
+ println!("{}", average(&values));
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+ use super::*;
+
+ #[test]
+ fn returns_proper_type_and_value() {
+ assert_eq!(average(&[3.5, 0.3, 13.0, 11.7]), 7.125);
+ }
+}