diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions')
| -rw-r--r-- | rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/README.md | 23 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/as_ref_mut.rs | 62 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/from_into.rs | 130 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/from_str.rs | 113 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/try_from_into.rs | 177 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/using_as.rs | 24 |
6 files changed, 529 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/README.md b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..619a78c --- /dev/null +++ b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +# Type conversions + +Rust offers a multitude of ways to convert a value of a given type into another type. + +The simplest form of type conversion is a type cast expression. It is denoted with the binary operator `as`. For instance, `println!("{}", 1 + 1.0);` would not compile, since `1` is an integer while `1.0` is a float. However, `println!("{}", 1 as f32 + 1.0)` should compile. The exercise [`using_as`](using_as.rs) tries to cover this. + +Rust also offers traits that facilitate type conversions upon implementation. These traits can be found under the [`convert`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/index.html) module. +The traits are the following: + +- `From` and `Into` covered in [`from_into`](from_into.rs) +- `TryFrom` and `TryInto` covered in [`try_from_into`](try_from_into.rs) +- `AsRef` and `AsMut` covered in [`as_ref_mut`](as_ref_mut.rs) + +Furthermore, the `std::str` module offers a trait called [`FromStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html) which helps with converting strings into target types via the `parse` method on strings. If properly implemented for a given type `Person`, then `let p: Person = "Mark,20".parse().unwrap()` should both compile and run without panicking. + +These should be the main ways ***within the standard library*** to convert data into your desired types. + +## Further information + +These are not directly covered in the book, but the standard library has a great documentation for it. + +- [conversions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/index.html) +- [`FromStr` trait](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html) diff --git a/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/as_ref_mut.rs b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/as_ref_mut.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7892dd --- /dev/null +++ b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/as_ref_mut.rs @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +// AsRef and AsMut allow for cheap reference-to-reference conversions. Read more +// about them at https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html and +// https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsMut.html, respectively. + +// Obtain the number of bytes (not characters) in the given argument +// (`.len()` returns the number of bytes in a string). +// TODO: Add the `AsRef` trait appropriately as a trait bound. +fn byte_counter<T>(arg: T) -> usize { + arg.as_ref().len() +} + +// Obtain the number of characters (not bytes) in the given argument. +// TODO: Add the `AsRef` trait appropriately as a trait bound. +fn char_counter<T>(arg: T) -> usize { + arg.as_ref().chars().count() +} + +// Squares a number using `as_mut()`. +// TODO: Add the appropriate trait bound. +fn num_sq<T>(arg: &mut T) { + // TODO: Implement the function body. +} + +fn main() { + // You can optionally experiment here. +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn different_counts() { + let s = "Café au lait"; + assert_ne!(char_counter(s), byte_counter(s)); + } + + #[test] + fn same_counts() { + let s = "Cafe au lait"; + assert_eq!(char_counter(s), byte_counter(s)); + } + + #[test] + fn different_counts_using_string() { + let s = String::from("Café au lait"); + assert_ne!(char_counter(s.clone()), byte_counter(s)); + } + + #[test] + fn same_counts_using_string() { + let s = String::from("Cafe au lait"); + assert_eq!(char_counter(s.clone()), byte_counter(s)); + } + + #[test] + fn mut_box() { + let mut num: Box<u32> = Box::new(3); + num_sq(&mut num); + assert_eq!(*num, 9); + } +} diff --git a/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/from_into.rs b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/from_into.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc2783a --- /dev/null +++ b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/from_into.rs @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ +// The `From` trait is used for value-to-value conversions. If `From` is +// implemented, an implementation of `Into` is automatically provided. +// You can read more about it in the documentation: +// https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html + +#[derive(Debug)] +struct Person { + name: String, + age: u8, +} + +// We implement the Default trait to use it as a fallback when the provided +// string is not convertible into a `Person` object. +impl Default for Person { + fn default() -> Self { + Self { + name: String::from("John"), + age: 30, + } + } +} + +// TODO: Complete this `From` implementation to be able to parse a `Person` +// out of a string in the form of "Mark,20". +// Note that you'll need to parse the age component into a `u8` with something +// like `"4".parse::<u8>()`. +// +// Steps: +// 1. Split the given string on the commas present in it. +// 2. If the split operation returns less or more than 2 elements, return the +// default of `Person`. +// 3. Use the first element from the split operation as the name. +// 4. If the name is empty, return the default of `Person`. +// 5. Parse the second element from the split operation into a `u8` as the age. +// 6. If parsing the age fails, return the default of `Person`. +impl From<&str> for Person { + fn from(s: &str) -> Self {} +} + +fn main() { + // Use the `from` function. + let p1 = Person::from("Mark,20"); + println!("{p1:?}"); + + // Since `From` is implemented for Person, we are able to use `Into`. + let p2: Person = "Gerald,70".into(); + println!("{p2:?}"); +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn test_default() { + let dp = Person::default(); + assert_eq!(dp.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(dp.age, 30); + } + + #[test] + fn test_bad_convert() { + let p = Person::from(""); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } + + #[test] + fn test_good_convert() { + let p = Person::from("Mark,20"); + assert_eq!(p.name, "Mark"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 20); + } + + #[test] + fn test_bad_age() { + let p = Person::from("Mark,twenty"); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } + + #[test] + fn test_missing_comma_and_age() { + let p: Person = Person::from("Mark"); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } + + #[test] + fn test_missing_age() { + let p: Person = Person::from("Mark,"); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } + + #[test] + fn test_missing_name() { + let p: Person = Person::from(",1"); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } + + #[test] + fn test_missing_name_and_age() { + let p: Person = Person::from(","); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } + + #[test] + fn test_missing_name_and_invalid_age() { + let p: Person = Person::from(",one"); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } + + #[test] + fn test_trailing_comma() { + let p: Person = Person::from("Mike,32,"); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } + + #[test] + fn test_trailing_comma_and_some_string() { + let p: Person = Person::from("Mike,32,dog"); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } +} diff --git a/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/from_str.rs b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/from_str.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec6d3fd --- /dev/null +++ b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/from_str.rs @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +// This is similar to the previous `from_into` exercise. But this time, we'll +// implement `FromStr` and return errors instead of falling back to a default +// value. Additionally, upon implementing `FromStr`, you can use the `parse` +// method on strings to generate an object of the implementor type. You can read +// more about it in the documentation: +// https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html + +use std::num::ParseIntError; +use std::str::FromStr; + +#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)] +struct Person { + name: String, + age: u8, +} + +// We will use this error type for the `FromStr` implementation. +#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)] +enum ParsePersonError { + // Incorrect number of fields + BadLen, + // Empty name field + NoName, + // Wrapped error from parse::<u8>() + ParseInt(ParseIntError), +} + +// TODO: Complete this `FromStr` implementation to be able to parse a `Person` +// out of a string in the form of "Mark,20". +// Note that you'll need to parse the age component into a `u8` with something +// like `"4".parse::<u8>()`. +// +// Steps: +// 1. Split the given string on the commas present in it. +// 2. If the split operation returns less or more than 2 elements, return the +// error `ParsePersonError::BadLen`. +// 3. Use the first element from the split operation as the name. +// 4. If the name is empty, return the error `ParsePersonError::NoName`. +// 5. Parse the second element from the split operation into a `u8` as the age. +// 6. If parsing the age fails, return the error `ParsePersonError::ParseInt`. +impl FromStr for Person { + type Err = ParsePersonError; + + fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {} +} + +fn main() { + let p = "Mark,20".parse::<Person>(); + println!("{p:?}"); +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + use ParsePersonError::*; + + #[test] + fn empty_input() { + assert_eq!("".parse::<Person>(), Err(BadLen)); + } + + #[test] + fn good_input() { + let p = "John,32".parse::<Person>(); + assert!(p.is_ok()); + let p = p.unwrap(); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 32); + } + + #[test] + fn missing_age() { + assert!(matches!("John,".parse::<Person>(), Err(ParseInt(_)))); + } + + #[test] + fn invalid_age() { + assert!(matches!("John,twenty".parse::<Person>(), Err(ParseInt(_)))); + } + + #[test] + fn missing_comma_and_age() { + assert_eq!("John".parse::<Person>(), Err(BadLen)); + } + + #[test] + fn missing_name() { + assert_eq!(",1".parse::<Person>(), Err(NoName)); + } + + #[test] + fn missing_name_and_age() { + assert!(matches!(",".parse::<Person>(), Err(NoName | ParseInt(_)))); + } + + #[test] + fn missing_name_and_invalid_age() { + assert!(matches!( + ",one".parse::<Person>(), + Err(NoName | ParseInt(_)), + )); + } + + #[test] + fn trailing_comma() { + assert_eq!("John,32,".parse::<Person>(), Err(BadLen)); + } + + #[test] + fn trailing_comma_and_some_string() { + assert_eq!("John,32,man".parse::<Person>(), Err(BadLen)); + } +} diff --git a/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/try_from_into.rs b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/try_from_into.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3ae80a --- /dev/null +++ b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/try_from_into.rs @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +// `TryFrom` is a simple and safe type conversion that may fail in a controlled +// way under some circumstances. Basically, this is the same as `From`. The main +// difference is that this should return a `Result` type instead of the target +// type itself. You can read more about it in the documentation: +// https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html + +#![allow(clippy::useless_vec)] +use std::convert::{TryFrom, TryInto}; + +#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)] +struct Color { + red: u8, + green: u8, + blue: u8, +} + +// We will use this error type for the `TryFrom` conversions. +#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)] +enum IntoColorError { + // Incorrect length of slice + BadLen, + // Integer conversion error + IntConversion, +} + +// TODO: Tuple implementation. +// Correct RGB color values must be integers in the 0..=255 range. +impl TryFrom<(i16, i16, i16)> for Color { + type Error = IntoColorError; + + fn try_from(tuple: (i16, i16, i16)) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {} +} + +// TODO: Array implementation. +impl TryFrom<[i16; 3]> for Color { + type Error = IntoColorError; + + fn try_from(arr: [i16; 3]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {} +} + +// TODO: Slice implementation. +// This implementation needs to check the slice length. +impl TryFrom<&[i16]> for Color { + type Error = IntoColorError; + + fn try_from(slice: &[i16]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {} +} + +fn main() { + // Using the `try_from` function. + let c1 = Color::try_from((183, 65, 14)); + println!("{c1:?}"); + + // Since `TryFrom` is implemented for `Color`, we can use `TryInto`. + let c2: Result<Color, _> = [183, 65, 14].try_into(); + println!("{c2:?}"); + + let v = vec![183, 65, 14]; + // With slice we should use the `try_from` function + let c3 = Color::try_from(&v[..]); + println!("{c3:?}"); + // or put the slice within round brackets and use `try_into`. + let c4: Result<Color, _> = (&v[..]).try_into(); + println!("{c4:?}"); +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + use IntoColorError::*; + + #[test] + fn test_tuple_out_of_range_positive() { + assert_eq!(Color::try_from((256, 1000, 10000)), Err(IntConversion)); + } + + #[test] + fn test_tuple_out_of_range_negative() { + assert_eq!(Color::try_from((-1, -10, -256)), Err(IntConversion)); + } + + #[test] + fn test_tuple_sum() { + assert_eq!(Color::try_from((-1, 255, 255)), Err(IntConversion)); + } + + #[test] + fn test_tuple_correct() { + let c: Result<Color, _> = (183, 65, 14).try_into(); + assert!(c.is_ok()); + assert_eq!( + c.unwrap(), + Color { + red: 183, + green: 65, + blue: 14, + } + ); + } + + #[test] + fn test_array_out_of_range_positive() { + let c: Result<Color, _> = [1000, 10000, 256].try_into(); + assert_eq!(c, Err(IntConversion)); + } + + #[test] + fn test_array_out_of_range_negative() { + let c: Result<Color, _> = [-10, -256, -1].try_into(); + assert_eq!(c, Err(IntConversion)); + } + + #[test] + fn test_array_sum() { + let c: Result<Color, _> = [-1, 255, 255].try_into(); + assert_eq!(c, Err(IntConversion)); + } + + #[test] + fn test_array_correct() { + let c: Result<Color, _> = [183, 65, 14].try_into(); + assert!(c.is_ok()); + assert_eq!( + c.unwrap(), + Color { + red: 183, + green: 65, + blue: 14 + } + ); + } + + #[test] + fn test_slice_out_of_range_positive() { + let arr = [10000, 256, 1000]; + assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&arr[..]), Err(IntConversion)); + } + + #[test] + fn test_slice_out_of_range_negative() { + let arr = [-256, -1, -10]; + assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&arr[..]), Err(IntConversion)); + } + + #[test] + fn test_slice_sum() { + let arr = [-1, 255, 255]; + assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&arr[..]), Err(IntConversion)); + } + + #[test] + fn test_slice_correct() { + let v = vec![183, 65, 14]; + let c: Result<Color, _> = Color::try_from(&v[..]); + assert!(c.is_ok()); + assert_eq!( + c.unwrap(), + Color { + red: 183, + green: 65, + blue: 14, + } + ); + } + + #[test] + fn test_slice_excess_length() { + let v = vec![0, 0, 0, 0]; + assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&v[..]), Err(BadLen)); + } + + #[test] + fn test_slice_insufficient_length() { + let v = vec![0, 0]; + assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&v[..]), Err(BadLen)); + } +} diff --git a/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/using_as.rs b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/using_as.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c131d1f --- /dev/null +++ b/rust/rustlings/exercises/23_conversions/using_as.rs @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Type casting in Rust is done via the usage of the `as` operator. +// Note that the `as` operator is not only used when type casting. It also helps +// with renaming imports. + +fn average(values: &[f64]) -> f64 { + let total = values.iter().sum::<f64>(); + // TODO: Make a conversion before dividing. + total / values.len() +} + +fn main() { + let values = [3.5, 0.3, 13.0, 11.7]; + println!("{}", average(&values)); +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn returns_proper_type_and_value() { + assert_eq!(average(&[3.5, 0.3, 13.0, 11.7]), 7.125); + } +} |